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2005年新澳門及香港免費大全或新奧與香港天天開獎資料大全600tKm和警惕虛假炒作-響應(yīng)剖析、專家解讀解釋與落實

2005年新澳門及香港免費大全或新奧與香港天天開獎資料大全600tKm和警惕虛假炒作-響應(yīng)剖析、專家解讀解釋與落實

liwenzhen 2025-07-13 應(yīng)用服務(wù) 19253 次瀏覽 0個評論

界面新聞記者 | 劉婷

美國國會近日通過“大而美”法案(One Big Beautiful Bill Act),內(nèi)容涉及減稅、增加國防支出、削減社會福利和提高債務(wù)上限等。分析師表示,雖然法案在短期內(nèi)有助于美國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,但其所帶來的債務(wù)膨脹與社會失衡等問題將給美國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的長期發(fā)展埋下隱患。

此外,法案有多項條款在產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭、貿(mào)易與技術(shù)層面試圖制衡中國,但分析師認(rèn)為整體影響有限。

中誠信國際主權(quán)部資深分析師王家璐在接受界面新聞專訪時表示,法案的主要目的在于通過對財政政策的重新定調(diào),激活美國經(jīng)濟(jì),打造一個以“自由市場、強(qiáng)國防、小政府”為核心的新型政策范式。

“法案體現(xiàn)了特朗普第二任期‘強(qiáng)市場、重國防、弱社會福利’的治國理念,旨在塑造更保守、更市場化的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會結(jié)構(gòu)。”王家璐說。

廣泛的減稅措施是法案的一大特色。比如,法案計劃在十年內(nèi)減稅4萬億美元,將企業(yè)稅率永久降至21%,允許餐飲、美容、水療等服務(wù)行業(yè)從業(yè)者對小費收入進(jìn)行稅收減免,提高遺產(chǎn)稅、贈予稅免稅額等。法案還將美國政府債務(wù)上限提高了5萬億美元,延續(xù)了擴(kuò)張性財政對總需求的支撐。

2005年新澳門及香港免費大全或新奧與香港天天開獎資料大全600tKm和警惕虛假炒作-響應(yīng)剖析、專家解讀解釋與落實

在國防方面,根據(jù)法案,未來十年美國將增加1500億美元用于提升邊境執(zhí)法能力、升級防空系統(tǒng)、增添主力艦艇等;在社會福利方面,法案提到削減醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助、減少食品券發(fā)放和提高申請門檻等措施,未來十年合計削減社會福利支出約1.35萬億美元。

分析人士指出,雖然短期內(nèi)“大而美”法案具備一定的逆周期調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng),有助于提振居民消費和企業(yè)投資,但其帶來的財政惡化、政策分配失衡,將對美國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)體系產(chǎn)生較大的負(fù)面影響。

王家璐指出,當(dāng)前美國經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨增長壓力,盡管通脹自高位回落,但核心通脹仍高于美聯(lián)儲目標(biāo)區(qū)間,且實際利率居高不下,消費和投資動能均出現(xiàn)疲軟跡象。同時,聯(lián)邦財政狀況顯著惡化,公共債務(wù)屢創(chuàng)新高。特朗普試圖通過擴(kuò)大減稅規(guī)模、強(qiáng)化私人投資激勵,緩解財政困局,推動美國經(jīng)濟(jì)重回高速增長軌道。但長期來看,法案在大幅削減稅收的同時,未同步建立穩(wěn)健的財政鞏固路徑,必將進(jìn)一步推升聯(lián)邦財政赤字與公共債務(wù)水平。

她預(yù)計,未來幾年美國財政赤字率將維持在6%左右的高位,且隨著政府融資需求持續(xù)上升,長期利率中樞面臨上行壓力,而融資成本上升又將對私人部門投資形成“擠出效應(yīng)”,削弱經(jīng)濟(jì)潛在增長動能。

截至2025年6月末,美國聯(lián)邦債務(wù)規(guī)模已突破36.2萬億美元,預(yù)計全年利息支出占財政收入比重超過12%,利息支出已成為聯(lián)邦預(yù)算中增長最快的項目。根據(jù)美國國會預(yù)算辦公室的估算,未來十年,“大而美”法案將使赤字增加約3.3萬億美元,進(jìn)一步加劇市場對債務(wù)危機(jī)的擔(dān)憂。

此外,雖然法案減稅規(guī)模空前,但利益分配極度失衡,被指“劫貧濟(jì)富”。

美國無黨派獨立參議員伯尼·桑德斯披露的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,法案為最富有的1%的美國人提供9750億美元的稅收減免,同時為最富有的0.2%的美國人提供了2110億美元的遺產(chǎn)稅豁免,大型企業(yè)更是收獲了9180億美元的減稅大禮包。

“法案的政策重心明顯向資本密集型和高收入人群傾斜,同時削減了政府對社會福利、醫(yī)療和教育等公共品的投入。這種資源配置上的不均衡將加劇美國社會貧富差距與階層固化,對低收入家庭造成長期傷害?!蓖跫诣凑f。

華泰證券分析師易峘也認(rèn)為,法案將進(jìn)一步加劇美國收入分配的不平衡,加上赤字?jǐn)U張帶來的中長期利率上行和通脹上行,低收入群體對經(jīng)濟(jì)的“體感”或進(jìn)一步惡化,為美國政治極化加劇埋下隱憂。

“大而美”法案中還有多項條款試圖在產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭、貿(mào)易與技術(shù)層面制衡中國。

比如,法案明確禁止任何中資相關(guān)項目享受清潔能源生產(chǎn)與投資抵免;法案規(guī)定中資控股跨國企業(yè)將適用更高稅率,防止利潤外流;法案取消了對800美元以下跨境電商交易的免稅優(yōu)惠,增加了中國出口電商平臺與中小企業(yè)的物流成本和關(guān)稅負(fù)擔(dān)。

“整體而言,這些條款體現(xiàn)出美國在經(jīng)濟(jì)與技術(shù)競爭領(lǐng)域的防御性布局,試圖削弱中國企業(yè)進(jìn)入美國市場的競爭優(yōu)勢,但同時也為中國在綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)領(lǐng)域提供了戰(zhàn)略窗口期,機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存?!蓖跫诣凑f。

贛鋒鋰業(yè)副董事長、總裁王曉申周四在中歐國際工商學(xué)院舉辦的一場活動上指出,法案取消了對電動汽車的補(bǔ)貼,在一定程度上給中資企業(yè)創(chuàng)造了一個相對公平的競爭環(huán)境。同時,取消補(bǔ)貼不利于美國汽車業(yè)的電動化轉(zhuǎn)型,對中國汽車行業(yè)可能是一大利好。

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